In women, menstrual disorders, the frequent polycystic ovary syndrome and later, menopause, require special attention from the Endocrinologist when investigating hormonal diseases. Some women may need hormone replacement therapy.
In men, testosterone deficiency is a condition that should also be studied and in certain cases hormone treatment is widely justified.
Brushing and flossing are everyday ways to keep your teeth bright, white and healthy. Still, if you might feel like your smile is lacking some sparkle or is more yellow than it used to be, you’re not alone.
When the American Academy of Cosmetic Dentistry asked people what they’d most like to improve about their smile, the most common response was whiter teeth. The American Association of Orthodontists also found that nearly 90% of patients requested tooth whitening.
Over time, your teeth can go from white to not-so-bright for a number of reasons. Coffee, tea and red wine are some major staining culprits. What do they have in common? Intense color pigments called chromogens that attach to the white, outer part of your tooth.
Two chemicals found in tobacco create stubborn stains: Tar and nicotine. Tar is naturally dark. Nicotine is colorless until it’s mixed with oxygen. Then, it turns into a yellowish, surface-staining substance.
Thinking about starting to have children or having more children? You focus on the preparations for the arrival of your new baby – and we’ll focus on the steps that will help make your arrival possible.
A couple is considered infertile when after 1 year of unprotected sexual intercourse, they do not achieve the desired pregnancy. To achieve this, several factors must come together (both in the woman and in the man), and the endocrine and hormonal factor is very important.
Ovulation is the physiological process that allows the release of the ovum by the ovaries in a cyclical way, every month, being an indispensable mechanism to achieve pregnancy. Hormones regulate this process in a very precise way, so any hormonal alteration can affect this complex and delicate mechanism, manifesting as infertility or alterations in the menstrual cycle (from irregularities in menstrual periods to the absence of periods, known as amenorrhea).
Endocrine disorders can also be observed in men that decrease fertility due to alterations in the quantity and/or quality of spermatozoa.
The main hormonal alterations are:
The initial consultation that the woman should have if pregnancy does not occur should be with the endocrinologist or the gynecologist, but it is recommended that the couple’s infertility should be approached by a multidisciplinary team of gynecologist-endocrinologists, nutritionists and, fundamentally, psychotherapists.
In a first consultation, the following hormonal studies will be requested: thyroid profile, prolactin, FSH, LH, androgen profile, glycemia/insulin, depending on each patient. The treatment to be addressed will depend on whether any alteration is found from the hormonal point of view and each pathology will be treated with its specific treatment.
The treatment of diabetes mellitus is based on three pillars: diet, physical exercise and medication. The aim is to maintain blood glucose levels within the normal range in order to minimize the risk of complications associated with the disease. In many patients with type 2 diabetes, medication would not be necessary if excess weight were controlled and a regular physical exercise program was carried out. However, insulin replacement therapy or oral hypoglycemic drugs are often necessary.
Whitening can be done in the dental office or at home. For in-office whitening, your dentist probably will photograph your teeth first. This step will help him or her to monitor the progress of the treatment. Your dentist also will examine your teeth and ask you questions to find out what caused the staining.
Next, the dentist or a dental hygienist will clean your teeth. This will remove the film of bacteria, food and other substances that build up on your teeth and contribute to the staining. Once this is done, the whitening procedure begins. For whitening at home, your dentist can make trays to hold the whitening gel that fit your teeth precisely.
Home whitening gel usually needs to be applied daily for two to three weeks. Over-the-counter kits also are widely available for home use. They provide trays to hold the gel, or whitening strips that stick to your teeth. Talk to your dentist if you want to use these home products. Be sure to follow directions to avoid overuse and possible damage to your teeth and mouth.
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